RSS 2.0 FeedDecember 2009 Volume 16, Featured Articles, Guest Writer
Zimbabwean refugees would rather operate as illegals
The “humanitarian nature” of the mass movement of Zimbabweans to neighbouring Southern African countries has blurred the distinction between what is a “refugee” and an “economic migrant”, because such people fit neither category perfectly and fall between the cracks, a new report says.
The “humanitarian nature” of the mass movement of Zimbabweans to neighbouring Southern African countries has blurred the distinction between what is a “refugee” and an “economic migrant”, because such people fit neither category perfectly and fall between the cracks, a new report says.
“Official responses to Zimbabwean migration in Botswana, Malawi, Zambia and Mozambique are still premised on this distinction, and so are failing to protect both Zimbabweans and [their own] citizens,” said Ms Monica Kiwanuka, the main researcher for the report titled: Zimbabwean Migration into Southern Africa. New Trends and Responses.
It was released in early December by the Forced Migration Studies Programme (FMSP) at the University of the Witwatersrand.
Neighbouring countries have been an essential lifeline for thousands of poor Zimbabweans, said Ms Kiwanuka.
Those crossing the border were not refugees — most did not even apply for refugee status – and, given the extent of economic collapse at home, could hardly be considered “voluntary” economic migrants.
“Many Zimbabweans who qualify for refugee status ... do not apply for asylum due to the need to move back and forth across borders to support families left behind. They resist the category of refugee, which connotes dependency, and they emphasise their ability to work,” Ms Kiwanuka told IRIN.
“Yet there are currently no legal instruments in the region, or in specific countries, that address the needs of this forced, mixed and livelihood-seeking migration,” she commented. Only recognised refugees and asylum-seekers qualify for humanitarian assistance and legal protection in a host state.
“So many Zimbabweans are not legally protected, nor do they receive humanitarian support, as they fall outside the mandates of these support structures,” Ms Kiwanuka commented.
With the exception of South Africa, protection and access to services in most countries in the region is contingent on receiving refugee status, and require asylum seekers to stay in isolated camps, unable to work or travel, and thus send money home.
South Africa is considering the introduction of a special permit for Zimbabweans but the policy is still under review.
“These [conditions] are unsuited to [their] needs,” Ms Kiwanuka said, and defeated the purpose of crossing the border, so most Zimbabweans did not apply for asylum. The alternative of having to fend for themselves allowed the flexibility to move back and forth between countries as shoppers, labourers and traders.
Despite persistent deportations, xenophobic attacks and other means of exclusion, poor Zimbabweans have been prepared to risk anything to earn an income in a host country.
A Zimbabwean interviewed in Botswana explained: “To accept to return home after being dropped [for deportation] at Plumtree [on the Zimbabwe/Botswana border] means I have agreed to let my people die ... you [would] rather die trying to get back inside [Botswana] and find money to keep them alive.”
Ms Kiwanuka said responses to Zimbabwean migrants were not harmonised among the four countries: “In Botswana, Zambia and Malawi, asylum is available to Zimbabweans; in Mozambique, the few people who have applied for asylum have been rejected due to the state’s decision to consider Zimbabweans as ‘economic’ and not forced humanitarian migrants.”
Obtaining a Zimbabwean passport was not only very difficult but also extremely expensive, which contributed to the problem.
Migrants lived precariously, “earning meagre incomes in the host countries and barely covering their basic human needs for shelter and food,” the researchers found.
“Lack of protection of migrants in the region is based on a false distinction between a forced and an economic migrant, instead of focusing on the real and urgent needs some of these migrants have,” Ms Kiwanuka said.
The report suggested that a better term would be “forced humanitarian migrants”, who moved for the purpose of their and their dependents’ basic survival.
But between three and four million Zimbabweans are believed to have already crossed into South Africa.
Unless Zimbabwe’s economy starts to recover, people will continue to risk their lives crossing the crocodile-infested Limpopo river to earn the hard currency their families need to buy food back home.
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